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621 lines
22 KiB
621 lines
22 KiB
"""
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|
Tests for the pandas.io.common functionalities
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|
"""
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|
import codecs
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|
import errno
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from functools import partial
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from io import (
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BytesIO,
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StringIO,
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UnsupportedOperation,
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)
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import mmap
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import os
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from pathlib import Path
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import pickle
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import tempfile
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|
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|
import pytest
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|
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|
from pandas.compat import is_platform_windows
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import pandas.util._test_decorators as td
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|
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|
import pandas as pd
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import pandas._testing as tm
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|
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|
import pandas.io.common as icom
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|
|
|
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|
class CustomFSPath:
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"""For testing fspath on unknown objects"""
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|
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def __init__(self, path) -> None:
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self.path = path
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|
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def __fspath__(self):
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return self.path
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|
|
|
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# Functions that consume a string path and return a string or path-like object
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path_types = [str, CustomFSPath, Path]
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|
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try:
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from py.path import local as LocalPath
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|
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path_types.append(LocalPath)
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except ImportError:
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pass
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|
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HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
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|
|
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# https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/1720
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class TestCommonIOCapabilities:
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data1 = """index,A,B,C,D
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foo,2,3,4,5
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bar,7,8,9,10
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baz,12,13,14,15
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qux,12,13,14,15
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foo2,12,13,14,15
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bar2,12,13,14,15
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"""
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|
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|
def test_expand_user(self):
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filename = "~/sometest"
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expanded_name = icom._expand_user(filename)
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assert expanded_name != filename
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assert os.path.isabs(expanded_name)
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assert os.path.expanduser(filename) == expanded_name
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|
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def test_expand_user_normal_path(self):
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filename = "/somefolder/sometest"
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expanded_name = icom._expand_user(filename)
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|
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assert expanded_name == filename
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assert os.path.expanduser(filename) == expanded_name
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|
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|
def test_stringify_path_pathlib(self):
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rel_path = icom.stringify_path(Path("."))
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assert rel_path == "."
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redundant_path = icom.stringify_path(Path("foo//bar"))
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assert redundant_path == os.path.join("foo", "bar")
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|
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@td.skip_if_no("py.path")
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def test_stringify_path_localpath(self):
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path = os.path.join("foo", "bar")
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abs_path = os.path.abspath(path)
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lpath = LocalPath(path)
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assert icom.stringify_path(lpath) == abs_path
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def test_stringify_path_fspath(self):
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p = CustomFSPath("foo/bar.csv")
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result = icom.stringify_path(p)
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assert result == "foo/bar.csv"
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|
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def test_stringify_file_and_path_like(self):
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# GH 38125: do not stringify file objects that are also path-like
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fsspec = pytest.importorskip("fsspec")
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with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
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with fsspec.open(f"file://{path}", mode="wb") as fsspec_obj:
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assert fsspec_obj == icom.stringify_path(fsspec_obj)
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|
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("path_type", path_types)
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def test_infer_compression_from_path(self, compression_format, path_type):
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extension, expected = compression_format
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path = path_type("foo/bar.csv" + extension)
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compression = icom.infer_compression(path, compression="infer")
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assert compression == expected
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|
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|
@pytest.mark.parametrize("path_type", [str, CustomFSPath, Path])
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def test_get_handle_with_path(self, path_type):
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# ignore LocalPath: it creates strange paths: /absolute/~/sometest
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|
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(dir=Path.home()) as tmp:
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filename = path_type("~/" + Path(tmp).name + "/sometest")
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with icom.get_handle(filename, "w") as handles:
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assert Path(handles.handle.name).is_absolute()
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assert os.path.expanduser(filename) == handles.handle.name
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|
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|
def test_get_handle_with_buffer(self):
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|
with StringIO() as input_buffer:
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with icom.get_handle(input_buffer, "r") as handles:
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assert handles.handle == input_buffer
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assert not input_buffer.closed
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assert input_buffer.closed
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|
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|
# Test that BytesIOWrapper(get_handle) returns correct amount of bytes every time
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def test_bytesiowrapper_returns_correct_bytes(self):
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# Test latin1, ucs-2, and ucs-4 chars
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|
data = """a,b,c
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1,2,3
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©,®,®
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Look,a snake,🐍"""
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with icom.get_handle(StringIO(data), "rb", is_text=False) as handles:
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result = b""
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chunksize = 5
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while True:
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chunk = handles.handle.read(chunksize)
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# Make sure each chunk is correct amount of bytes
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assert len(chunk) <= chunksize
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if len(chunk) < chunksize:
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# Can be less amount of bytes, but only at EOF
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# which happens when read returns empty
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assert len(handles.handle.read()) == 0
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result += chunk
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break
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result += chunk
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assert result == data.encode("utf-8")
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|
# Test that pyarrow can handle a file opened with get_handle
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def test_get_handle_pyarrow_compat(self):
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pa_csv = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow.csv")
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|
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|
# Test latin1, ucs-2, and ucs-4 chars
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data = """a,b,c
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1,2,3
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©,®,®
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Look,a snake,🐍"""
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expected = pd.DataFrame(
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{"a": ["1", "©", "Look"], "b": ["2", "®", "a snake"], "c": ["3", "®", "🐍"]}
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)
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s = StringIO(data)
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with icom.get_handle(s, "rb", is_text=False) as handles:
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df = pa_csv.read_csv(handles.handle).to_pandas()
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tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected)
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assert not s.closed
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|
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def test_iterator(self):
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with pd.read_csv(StringIO(self.data1), chunksize=1) as reader:
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result = pd.concat(reader, ignore_index=True)
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expected = pd.read_csv(StringIO(self.data1))
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tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
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# GH12153
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with pd.read_csv(StringIO(self.data1), chunksize=1) as it:
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first = next(it)
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tm.assert_frame_equal(first, expected.iloc[[0]])
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tm.assert_frame_equal(pd.concat(it), expected.iloc[1:])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize(
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"reader, module, error_class, fn_ext",
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[
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(pd.read_csv, "os", FileNotFoundError, "csv"),
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(pd.read_fwf, "os", FileNotFoundError, "txt"),
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(pd.read_excel, "xlrd", FileNotFoundError, "xlsx"),
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(pd.read_feather, "pyarrow", OSError, "feather"),
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(pd.read_hdf, "tables", FileNotFoundError, "h5"),
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(pd.read_stata, "os", FileNotFoundError, "dta"),
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(pd.read_sas, "os", FileNotFoundError, "sas7bdat"),
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(pd.read_json, "os", FileNotFoundError, "json"),
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(pd.read_pickle, "os", FileNotFoundError, "pickle"),
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],
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)
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def test_read_non_existent(self, reader, module, error_class, fn_ext):
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pytest.importorskip(module)
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path = os.path.join(HERE, "data", "does_not_exist." + fn_ext)
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msg1 = rf"File (b')?.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'? does not exist"
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msg2 = rf"\[Errno 2\] No such file or directory: '.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
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msg3 = "Expected object or value"
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msg4 = "path_or_buf needs to be a string file path or file-like"
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msg5 = (
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rf"\[Errno 2\] File .+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext} does not exist: "
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rf"'.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
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)
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msg6 = rf"\[Errno 2\] 没有那个文件或目录: '.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
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msg7 = (
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rf"\[Errno 2\] File o directory non esistente: '.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
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)
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msg8 = rf"Failed to open local file.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}"
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|
with pytest.raises(
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error_class,
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match=rf"({msg1}|{msg2}|{msg3}|{msg4}|{msg5}|{msg6}|{msg7}|{msg8})",
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|
):
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reader(path)
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|
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|
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
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|
"method, module, error_class, fn_ext",
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[
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_csv, "os", OSError, "csv"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_html, "os", OSError, "html"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_excel, "xlrd", OSError, "xlsx"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_feather, "pyarrow", OSError, "feather"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_parquet, "pyarrow", OSError, "parquet"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_stata, "os", OSError, "dta"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_json, "os", OSError, "json"),
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|
(pd.DataFrame.to_pickle, "os", OSError, "pickle"),
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|
],
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|
)
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|
# NOTE: Missing parent directory for pd.DataFrame.to_hdf is handled by PyTables
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|
def test_write_missing_parent_directory(self, method, module, error_class, fn_ext):
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pytest.importorskip(module)
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|
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|
dummy_frame = pd.DataFrame({"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [2, 3, 4], "c": [3, 4, 5]})
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path = os.path.join(HERE, "data", "missing_folder", "does_not_exist." + fn_ext)
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|
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|
with pytest.raises(
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error_class,
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|
match=r"Cannot save file into a non-existent directory: .*missing_folder",
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|
):
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|
method(dummy_frame, path)
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
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|
"reader, module, error_class, fn_ext",
|
|
[
|
|
(pd.read_csv, "os", FileNotFoundError, "csv"),
|
|
(pd.read_table, "os", FileNotFoundError, "csv"),
|
|
(pd.read_fwf, "os", FileNotFoundError, "txt"),
|
|
(pd.read_excel, "xlrd", FileNotFoundError, "xlsx"),
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|
(pd.read_feather, "pyarrow", OSError, "feather"),
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|
(pd.read_hdf, "tables", FileNotFoundError, "h5"),
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|
(pd.read_stata, "os", FileNotFoundError, "dta"),
|
|
(pd.read_sas, "os", FileNotFoundError, "sas7bdat"),
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|
(pd.read_json, "os", FileNotFoundError, "json"),
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|
(pd.read_pickle, "os", FileNotFoundError, "pickle"),
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|
],
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|
)
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|
def test_read_expands_user_home_dir(
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self, reader, module, error_class, fn_ext, monkeypatch
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|
):
|
|
pytest.importorskip(module)
|
|
|
|
path = os.path.join("~", "does_not_exist." + fn_ext)
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monkeypatch.setattr(icom, "_expand_user", lambda x: os.path.join("foo", x))
|
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|
|
msg1 = rf"File (b')?.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'? does not exist"
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msg2 = rf"\[Errno 2\] No such file or directory: '.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
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|
msg3 = "Unexpected character found when decoding 'false'"
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|
msg4 = "path_or_buf needs to be a string file path or file-like"
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|
msg5 = (
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rf"\[Errno 2\] File .+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext} does not exist: "
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rf"'.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
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|
)
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|
msg6 = rf"\[Errno 2\] 没有那个文件或目录: '.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
|
|
msg7 = (
|
|
rf"\[Errno 2\] File o directory non esistente: '.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}'"
|
|
)
|
|
msg8 = rf"Failed to open local file.+does_not_exist\.{fn_ext}"
|
|
|
|
with pytest.raises(
|
|
error_class,
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|
match=rf"({msg1}|{msg2}|{msg3}|{msg4}|{msg5}|{msg6}|{msg7}|{msg8})",
|
|
):
|
|
reader(path)
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
|
|
"reader, module, path",
|
|
[
|
|
(pd.read_csv, "os", ("io", "data", "csv", "iris.csv")),
|
|
(pd.read_table, "os", ("io", "data", "csv", "iris.csv")),
|
|
(
|
|
pd.read_fwf,
|
|
"os",
|
|
("io", "data", "fixed_width", "fixed_width_format.txt"),
|
|
),
|
|
(pd.read_excel, "xlrd", ("io", "data", "excel", "test1.xlsx")),
|
|
(
|
|
pd.read_feather,
|
|
"pyarrow",
|
|
("io", "data", "feather", "feather-0_3_1.feather"),
|
|
),
|
|
(
|
|
pd.read_hdf,
|
|
"tables",
|
|
("io", "data", "legacy_hdf", "datetimetz_object.h5"),
|
|
),
|
|
(pd.read_stata, "os", ("io", "data", "stata", "stata10_115.dta")),
|
|
(pd.read_sas, "os", ("io", "sas", "data", "test1.sas7bdat")),
|
|
(pd.read_json, "os", ("io", "json", "data", "tsframe_v012.json")),
|
|
(
|
|
pd.read_pickle,
|
|
"os",
|
|
("io", "data", "pickle", "categorical.0.25.0.pickle"),
|
|
),
|
|
],
|
|
)
|
|
def test_read_fspath_all(self, reader, module, path, datapath):
|
|
pytest.importorskip(module)
|
|
path = datapath(*path)
|
|
|
|
mypath = CustomFSPath(path)
|
|
result = reader(mypath)
|
|
expected = reader(path)
|
|
|
|
if path.endswith(".pickle"):
|
|
# categorical
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|
tm.assert_categorical_equal(result, expected)
|
|
else:
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
|
|
"writer_name, writer_kwargs, module",
|
|
[
|
|
("to_csv", {}, "os"),
|
|
("to_excel", {"engine": "openpyxl"}, "openpyxl"),
|
|
("to_feather", {}, "pyarrow"),
|
|
("to_html", {}, "os"),
|
|
("to_json", {}, "os"),
|
|
("to_latex", {}, "os"),
|
|
("to_pickle", {}, "os"),
|
|
("to_stata", {"time_stamp": pd.to_datetime("2019-01-01 00:00")}, "os"),
|
|
],
|
|
)
|
|
def test_write_fspath_all(self, writer_name, writer_kwargs, module):
|
|
if writer_name in ["to_latex"]: # uses Styler implementation
|
|
pytest.importorskip("jinja2")
|
|
p1 = tm.ensure_clean("string")
|
|
p2 = tm.ensure_clean("fspath")
|
|
df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2]})
|
|
|
|
with p1 as string, p2 as fspath:
|
|
pytest.importorskip(module)
|
|
mypath = CustomFSPath(fspath)
|
|
writer = getattr(df, writer_name)
|
|
|
|
writer(string, **writer_kwargs)
|
|
writer(mypath, **writer_kwargs)
|
|
with open(string, "rb") as f_str, open(fspath, "rb") as f_path:
|
|
if writer_name == "to_excel":
|
|
# binary representation of excel contains time creation
|
|
# data that causes flaky CI failures
|
|
result = pd.read_excel(f_str, **writer_kwargs)
|
|
expected = pd.read_excel(f_path, **writer_kwargs)
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
|
|
else:
|
|
result = f_str.read()
|
|
expected = f_path.read()
|
|
assert result == expected
|
|
|
|
def test_write_fspath_hdf5(self):
|
|
# Same test as write_fspath_all, except HDF5 files aren't
|
|
# necessarily byte-for-byte identical for a given dataframe, so we'll
|
|
# have to read and compare equality
|
|
pytest.importorskip("tables")
|
|
|
|
df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2]})
|
|
p1 = tm.ensure_clean("string")
|
|
p2 = tm.ensure_clean("fspath")
|
|
|
|
with p1 as string, p2 as fspath:
|
|
mypath = CustomFSPath(fspath)
|
|
df.to_hdf(mypath, key="bar")
|
|
df.to_hdf(string, key="bar")
|
|
|
|
result = pd.read_hdf(fspath, key="bar")
|
|
expected = pd.read_hdf(string, key="bar")
|
|
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@pytest.fixture
|
|
def mmap_file(datapath):
|
|
return datapath("io", "data", "csv", "test_mmap.csv")
|
|
|
|
|
|
class TestMMapWrapper:
|
|
def test_constructor_bad_file(self, mmap_file):
|
|
non_file = StringIO("I am not a file")
|
|
non_file.fileno = lambda: -1
|
|
|
|
# the error raised is different on Windows
|
|
if is_platform_windows():
|
|
msg = "The parameter is incorrect"
|
|
err = OSError
|
|
else:
|
|
msg = "[Errno 22]"
|
|
err = mmap.error
|
|
|
|
with pytest.raises(err, match=msg):
|
|
icom._maybe_memory_map(non_file, True)
|
|
|
|
with open(mmap_file, encoding="utf-8") as target:
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
msg = "I/O operation on closed file"
|
|
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
|
|
icom._maybe_memory_map(target, True)
|
|
|
|
def test_next(self, mmap_file):
|
|
with open(mmap_file, encoding="utf-8") as target:
|
|
lines = target.readlines()
|
|
|
|
with icom.get_handle(
|
|
target, "r", is_text=True, memory_map=True
|
|
) as wrappers:
|
|
wrapper = wrappers.handle
|
|
assert isinstance(wrapper.buffer.buffer, mmap.mmap)
|
|
|
|
for line in lines:
|
|
next_line = next(wrapper)
|
|
assert next_line.strip() == line.strip()
|
|
|
|
with pytest.raises(StopIteration, match=r"^$"):
|
|
next(wrapper)
|
|
|
|
def test_unknown_engine(self):
|
|
with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
|
|
df = tm.makeDataFrame()
|
|
df.to_csv(path)
|
|
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown engine"):
|
|
pd.read_csv(path, engine="pyt")
|
|
|
|
def test_binary_mode(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
'encoding' shouldn't be passed to 'open' in binary mode.
|
|
|
|
GH 35058
|
|
"""
|
|
with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
|
|
df = tm.makeDataFrame()
|
|
df.to_csv(path, mode="w+b")
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(df, pd.read_csv(path, index_col=0))
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding", ["utf-16", "utf-32"])
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@pytest.mark.parametrize("compression_", ["bz2", "xz"])
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def test_warning_missing_utf_bom(self, encoding, compression_):
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"""
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bz2 and xz do not write the byte order mark (BOM) for utf-16/32.
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|
|
|
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55171439
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|
|
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GH 35681
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"""
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df = tm.makeDataFrame()
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with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
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with tm.assert_produces_warning(UnicodeWarning):
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df.to_csv(path, compression=compression_, encoding=encoding)
|
|
|
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# reading should fail (otherwise we wouldn't need the warning)
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msg = r"UTF-\d+ stream does not start with BOM"
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with pytest.raises(UnicodeError, match=msg):
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|
pd.read_csv(path, compression=compression_, encoding=encoding)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def test_is_fsspec_url():
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assert icom.is_fsspec_url("gcs://pandas/somethingelse.com")
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assert icom.is_fsspec_url("gs://pandas/somethingelse.com")
|
|
# the following is the only remote URL that is handled without fsspec
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|
assert not icom.is_fsspec_url("http://pandas/somethingelse.com")
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|
assert not icom.is_fsspec_url("random:pandas/somethingelse.com")
|
|
assert not icom.is_fsspec_url("/local/path")
|
|
assert not icom.is_fsspec_url("relative/local/path")
|
|
# fsspec URL in string should not be recognized
|
|
assert not icom.is_fsspec_url("this is not fsspec://url")
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|
assert not icom.is_fsspec_url("{'url': 'gs://pandas/somethingelse.com'}")
|
|
# accept everything that conforms to RFC 3986 schema
|
|
assert icom.is_fsspec_url("RFC-3986+compliant.spec://something")
|
|
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding", [None, "utf-8"])
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize("format", ["csv", "json"])
|
|
def test_codecs_encoding(encoding, format):
|
|
# GH39247
|
|
expected = tm.makeDataFrame()
|
|
with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
|
|
with codecs.open(path, mode="w", encoding=encoding) as handle:
|
|
getattr(expected, f"to_{format}")(handle)
|
|
with codecs.open(path, mode="r", encoding=encoding) as handle:
|
|
if format == "csv":
|
|
df = pd.read_csv(handle, index_col=0)
|
|
else:
|
|
df = pd.read_json(handle)
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, df)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def test_codecs_get_writer_reader():
|
|
# GH39247
|
|
expected = tm.makeDataFrame()
|
|
with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
|
|
with open(path, "wb") as handle:
|
|
with codecs.getwriter("utf-8")(handle) as encoded:
|
|
expected.to_csv(encoded)
|
|
with open(path, "rb") as handle:
|
|
with codecs.getreader("utf-8")(handle) as encoded:
|
|
df = pd.read_csv(encoded, index_col=0)
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, df)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
|
|
"io_class,mode,msg",
|
|
[
|
|
(BytesIO, "t", "a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'"),
|
|
(StringIO, "b", "string argument expected, got 'bytes'"),
|
|
],
|
|
)
|
|
def test_explicit_encoding(io_class, mode, msg):
|
|
# GH39247; this test makes sure that if a user provides mode="*t" or "*b",
|
|
# it is used. In the case of this test it leads to an error as intentionally the
|
|
# wrong mode is requested
|
|
expected = tm.makeDataFrame()
|
|
with io_class() as buffer:
|
|
with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
|
|
expected.to_csv(buffer, mode=f"w{mode}")
|
|
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding_errors", [None, "strict", "replace"])
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize("format", ["csv", "json"])
|
|
def test_encoding_errors(encoding_errors, format):
|
|
# GH39450
|
|
msg = "'utf-8' codec can't decode byte"
|
|
bad_encoding = b"\xe4"
|
|
|
|
if format == "csv":
|
|
content = b"," + bad_encoding + b"\n" + bad_encoding * 2 + b"," + bad_encoding
|
|
reader = partial(pd.read_csv, index_col=0)
|
|
else:
|
|
content = (
|
|
b'{"'
|
|
+ bad_encoding * 2
|
|
+ b'": {"'
|
|
+ bad_encoding
|
|
+ b'":"'
|
|
+ bad_encoding
|
|
+ b'"}}'
|
|
)
|
|
reader = partial(pd.read_json, orient="index")
|
|
with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
|
|
file = Path(path)
|
|
file.write_bytes(content)
|
|
|
|
if encoding_errors != "replace":
|
|
with pytest.raises(UnicodeDecodeError, match=msg):
|
|
reader(path, encoding_errors=encoding_errors)
|
|
else:
|
|
df = reader(path, encoding_errors=encoding_errors)
|
|
decoded = bad_encoding.decode(errors=encoding_errors)
|
|
expected = pd.DataFrame({decoded: [decoded]}, index=[decoded * 2])
|
|
tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def test_bad_encdoing_errors():
|
|
# GH 39777
|
|
with tm.ensure_clean() as path:
|
|
with pytest.raises(LookupError, match="unknown error handler name"):
|
|
icom.get_handle(path, "w", errors="bad")
|
|
|
|
|
|
def test_errno_attribute():
|
|
# GH 13872
|
|
with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError, match="\\[Errno 2\\]") as err:
|
|
pd.read_csv("doesnt_exist")
|
|
assert err.errno == errno.ENOENT
|
|
|
|
|
|
def test_fail_mmap():
|
|
with pytest.raises(UnsupportedOperation, match="fileno"):
|
|
with BytesIO() as buffer:
|
|
icom.get_handle(buffer, "rb", memory_map=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def test_close_on_error():
|
|
# GH 47136
|
|
class TestError:
|
|
def close(self):
|
|
raise OSError("test")
|
|
|
|
with pytest.raises(OSError, match="test"):
|
|
with BytesIO() as buffer:
|
|
with icom.get_handle(buffer, "rb") as handles:
|
|
handles.created_handles.append(TestError())
|
|
|
|
|
|
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
|
|
"reader",
|
|
[
|
|
pd.read_csv,
|
|
pd.read_fwf,
|
|
pd.read_excel,
|
|
pd.read_feather,
|
|
pd.read_hdf,
|
|
pd.read_stata,
|
|
pd.read_sas,
|
|
pd.read_json,
|
|
pd.read_pickle,
|
|
],
|
|
)
|
|
def test_pickle_reader(reader):
|
|
# GH 22265
|
|
with BytesIO() as buffer:
|
|
pickle.dump(reader, buffer)
|
|
|